i'm no regular expressions expert, but i can offer a little explanantion.
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but, what is the $data =~ tr/A-Z/a-z/; doing?
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[tr]anslating any character in the A-Z set of capital letters to its corresponding lowercase character.. or in other words,
tr/target set/replacement set/;
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ans in the following...$data =~ s/\b(\w)/\U$1/g;
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s = substitute
\b = border so it's looking for a word border
\w = word charachter (like a letter).. since it's in parentheses that means we can refer to this match later in the replacement area..
\U means to uppercase it
$1 refers to the match we found in parentheses, if there were multiple parenteses in our target pattern they would be referred to as $2, $3, etc
then the g; modifier means global, so it searches and replaces every match it can, the i modifier i think has to do with case, not sure about m, but i do know the modifier goes at the end. hope this helps, and there is plenty of info on regular expressions out there to look up though i find it pretty confusing.