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Most procedural languages have copied a lot for C so learning C would give you a good start to understanding other procedural languages. It does mean you need to install a compiler on your computer to be able to run the code you write though.
With regard to object oriented programming both C++ and PHP suffer from having the ability to use them to write procedural code so if you are going to use either to learn OOP then you need to ensure that you actually use the OOP features of the language and not just the procedural ones.
JavaScript has the advantage that it runs in a web browser without needing a separate compiler. From the security viewpoint it has the disadvantage that because it runs in the browser it doesn't actually have access to anything that presents a security issue. The security issues that are JavaScript related involve security holes in code written in a server side language such as PHP.
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